设施畜牧业关键技术研究态势分析

[目的/意义]目前中国畜牧业正处于加快转型的重要时期,了解相关技术的发展态势对于畜牧业的发展具有一定的借鉴意义。[方法/过程]本文以设施畜牧业领域技术研发的3个主要方向：笼舍技术、饲喂饮水技术和环境控制技术的相关专利为研究对象,利用专利计量的方法对其发展趋势、技术分支、申请人、各阶段重点专利等进行了分析。[结果/结论]笼舍、饲喂饮水和环境控制技术发展同步经历了萌芽期、波动发展期、快速发展期3个阶段,当前申请量呈现直线上升的态势;技术研发主体以企业为主,各研发单位之间技术布局差异性明显;近些年重点专利中的国内专利明显增多;笼舍技术方面装置研发均侧重于粪尿清除、垫板等技术;饲喂饮水技术方面饲喂技术的研究多于饮水技术,且均侧重于研发自动化设备;环境控制技术侧重于废弃物处理技术、空气调节技术和房舍清洁刷洗技术。     

模式生物果蝇在水环境污染物毒理学中的应用及研究进展

经济发展以及人类活动加速造成生态环境破坏,工业及生活污水的过度排放使得江河、海水的污染加剧,对人类健康的危害也日益加深。果蝇作为一种经典的模式生物,与其它动物模型相比,具有饲养成本低、生命周期短、繁殖能力强、遗传物质简单、突变表型多且易于观察等诸多优点,是一种应用广泛并适合于研究人类疾病和毒理学的模式生物。简述了水环境中挥发性有机化合物、氟喹诺酮类药物、重金属、农药和微生物毒素等污染物对果蝇的毒理学研究,提出了果蝇作为经典的模式生物在研究毒理学机制以及筛选抗毒药物的优势,并对未来的发展趋势做了展望。     

氢氧化镁对水质、底质改良的研究与应用

近年,沿海各地区水产养殖业发展迅速。由于内湾海区海水循环交换能力较弱,黑臭底泥的长期堆积,导致养殖水体水质和底质进一步恶化,然而这种问题普遍存在于封闭式或半封闭式水域环境中。对此,氢氧化镁作为水质、底质改良剂被应用于水环境的治理。本文概述了氢氧化镁的作用机理,包括氢氧化镁与悬浮颗粒物的静电、对氮磷的降解及对硫化氢的降解等作用;同时介绍了氢氧化镁在海水养殖场、淡水湖泊和水库、水华防控、赤潮防控及废水处理中的研究与应用;展望了氢氧化镁和纳米级氢氧化镁在水体环境领域的应用前景。     

洛阳市植烟区生态环境聚类及烟叶化学成分分析

[目的]分析不同生态环境烟叶的化学成分差异性及适宜性。[方法]以降雨、海拔和日照条件为因子,对洛阳市烟区生态环境进行系统聚类,并抽取34个样品分析了不同生态环境中烟叶的化学成分含量及适宜性。[结果]与2015年全国平均含量相比,洛阳市烟叶的总植物碱、总氮和钾含量较低,淀粉和游离氨基酸含量略高,样品间氯含量、钾氯比和糖碱比变异较大;聚类分析将洛阳市烟区划分为A、B、C、D 4类小生态环境烟区;A类烟区烟叶的总植物碱、氯含量相对较高,D类烟区烟叶的钾氯比、糖碱比和氮碱比相对较高;4类烟区烟叶的总植物碱、总氮、游离氨基酸含量和氮碱比适宜性较好,碳水化合物含量高出适宜范围,糖碱比例不协调,钾、氯含量偏低。[结论]总体来看,A类烟区烟叶化学成分适宜性最佳。     

汀江似鮈(Pseudogobio vaillanti)生态环境和繁殖特性的调查

2014—2015年对宣成到官庄境内似鮈生活的汀江河段进行实地考察和采样,结果表明该江段水温、溶解氧和pH分别在17.2~28.5℃、7.03~8.63 mg/L和6.75~6.83之间变化;似鮈喜欢栖息多砾石或沙石的环境,一般隐蔽在石缝里。汀江似鮈每年4—7月为繁殖期,产卵盛期为5—6月;性成熟年龄为1~2龄,体重在8.1~56.3 g之间;雌鱼怀卵量为213~550粒/尾,相对繁殖力为20~120粒/g·体重,成熟系数为1.07%~8.37%,雄鱼成熟系数为0.41%~4.85%;产沉性卵,深黄色,卵径为(0.762±0.015)mm。产卵场水深约1.5~2.5 m,溶解氧为7.85~8.41 mg/L,水温为18.6~26.7℃,pH在6.8~7.2之间,底质以沙砾为主。     

The efficiency of nitrogen in cattle manures when applied to a double‐annual forage cropping system

The use of cattle manure (CM) for fertilization presents challenges for optimizing nitrogen (N) use. Our work aimed to assess N efficiencies, in a 6‐year experiment with three biennial rotations of four crops: oat–sorghum (first year) and ryegrass–maize (second year) in a rainfed humid Mediterranean area of Spain. Fertilization treatments included the following: control (no N), 250 kg mineral N ha^?1 year^?1 (250MN), three CM rates (supplying 170, 250 and 500 kg N ha^?1 year^?1) and four treatments where the two lowest CM rates were complemented with either 80 or 160 kg mineral N ha^?1 year^?1. Treatments were distributed randomly in each of three blocks. Maximum dry‐matter yield (~44–49 t ha^?1 rotation^?1) was achieved in the third rotation, and only the control and the 170CM yielded significantly less. Within the limitations of the EU Nitrate Directive, the N steady state supply of 170CM always requires a complement of mineral N (80 kg N ha^?1) to maximize N agronomic efficiency. The maximum N‐fertilizer replacement value (250CM vs. 250MN) was 0·67, without significant differences between the two treatments in other N‐related efficiency indexes, which indicates that plants took advantage of residual‐N effects. Nitrogen losses by leaching in the 250CM treatment were around 5–7% of the N applied. This reinforces the sustainability of manure recycling in long cropping seasons.     

陕西周至县猕猴桃的运输损坏研究

通过分析陕西猕猴桃自身的生理特性,并结合陕西周至县猕猴桃的包装形式及运输环境,找出猕猴桃运输损坏的原因,提出猕猴桃合理的运输方案,为快递企业生鲜水果的运输方式提供一定的理论参考。     

长江流域生物资源及生态环境研究进展

以CNKI平台中的文献数据,利用文献计量学方法,对其文献的增长趋势及期刊分布进行分析,并基于作者和机构合作网络、关键词共现的聚类知识图谱及突变检测等方法,探究我国长江流域生物资源及生态环境主题的研究热点及其研究前沿。研究表明:研究文献总体上呈递增趋势,2016年开始呈现激增态势;作者、机构间的交流合作较少,作者间合作大部分局限在机构内部的研究者之间的合作,合作相对活跃的机构主要有长江科学院、长江流域水资源保护局及长江水利委员会等;其优势学科领域主要为环境科学、区域经济学、水利工程学、农业经济等。当前我国长江流域生物资源及生态环境的研究领域有5个方向:(1)开展长江经济带城市群生态环境评价与保护、城镇化与生态文明建设,以及绿色发展等研究;(2)开展长江三峡与三峡库区的生态环境监测与保护、森林资源养护、水土保持与流失、资源与生态补偿机制研究及其生态环境的可持续发展等研究;(3)开展长江流域自然保护区的生态环境保护与规划、生态保护红线及其生物资源养护与生物多样性保护等研究;(4)在长江大保护背景下,开展长江流域生态环境的保护与修复、流域综合治理,以及水生生物资源的合理开发利用的研究;(5)开展长江源区水电资源开发、水环境保护及其渔业生态环境保护等研究。为科学管理和保护长江流域的重要生物资源,提出建立基于科学设计的全流域生物资源和环境监测系统,建立全流域的生物资源及生态系统的生物数据模型,发展长江流域渔业资源养护与开发的风险评估决策系统,发展长江流域科学的渔业资源增殖放流技术体系,发展基于GIS的长江全流域的渔业资源与环境监测和管理决策信息服务系统等建议。     

Protective and defensive roles of non-glandular trichomes against multiple stresses:structure-function coordination

As superficial structures,non-glandular trichomes,protect plant organs against multiple biotic and abiotic stresses.The protective and defensive roles of these epidermal appendages are crucial to developing organs and can be attributed to the excellent combination of suitable structural traits and chemical reinforcement in the form of phenolic compounds,primarily fl avonoids.Both the formation of trichomes and the accumulation of phenolics are interrelated at the molecular level.During the early stages of development,non-glandular trichomes show strong morphological similarities to glandular ones such as the balloon-like apical cells with numerous phenolics.At later developmental stages,and during secondary wall thickening,phenolics are transferred to the cell walls of the trichomes.Due to the diff use deposition of phenolics in the cell walls,trichomes provide protection against UV-B radiation by behaving as optical fi lters,screening out wavelengths that could damage sensitive tissues.Protection from strong visible radiation is also aff orded by increased surface light refl ectance.Moreover,the mixtures of trichome phenolics represent a superfi-cial chemical barrier that provides protection against biotic stress factors such as herbivores and pathogens.Although the cells of some trichomes die at maturity,they can modulate their quantitative and qualitative characteristics during development,depending on the prevailing conditions of the external biotic or abiotic environment.In fact,the structure and chemical constituents of trichomes may change due to the particular light regime,herbivore damage,wounding,water stress,salinity and the presence of heavy metals.Hence,trichomes represent dynamic protective structures that may greatly aff ect the outcome of many plant–environment interactions.